Purify Alcohol or Denatured Ethanol Using Distillation

Purify Alcohol or Denatured Ethanol Using Distillation Denatured alcohol is toxic to drink and may be unsuitable for some lab experiments or other purposes. If you need pure ethanol (CH3CH2OH), you can purify denatured, contaminated or impure alcohol using distillation.   Alcohol Distillation Materials Balance100-mL volumetric flask or graduated cylinderDistillation apparatus250-mL beaker (or another container to receive the distilled alcohol)Hotplate or another flameless heat source (to avoid igniting the ethanol)Boiling chips200-mL impure ethanol (e.g., 70% denatured alcohol) You can also  make  a distillation apparatus if you dont already have one or arent sure what one looks like. Alcohol Distillation Procedure Put on appropriate safety gear, including goggles, gloves and protective clothing.Weigh the volumetric flask or graduated cylinder and record the value. This will help you determine your yield if you care to calculate it.Add 100.00 mL of alcohol to the volumetric flask. Weigh the flask plus alcohol and record the value. Now, if you subtract the mass of the flask from this value, you will know the mass of your alcohol. The density of your alcohol is the mass per volume, which is the mass of the alcohol (the number you just obtained) divided by the volume (100.00 mL). You now know the density of the alcohol in g/mL.Pour the ethanol into the distillation vessel and add the remaining alcohol.Add a boiling chip or two to the flask.Assemble the distillation apparatus. The 250-mL beaker is your receiving vessel.Turn on the hotplate and heat the ethanol to a gentle boil. If you have a thermometer in the distillation apparatus, youll see the temperature climb and then stabilize when it reache s the temperature of the ethanol-water vapor. Once you reach it, do not allow the temperature to exceed the stable value. If the temperature starts to climb again, it means the ethanol is gone from the distillation vessel. At this point, you could add more of the impure alcohol, if it didnt all fit in the container at the start. Continue distillation until you have collected at least 100 mL in the receiving beaker.Allow the distillate (liquid you collected) to cool to room temperature.Transfer 100.00 mL of this liquid into the volumetric flask, weigh the flask plus alcohol, subtract the weight of the flask (from earlier), and record the mass of the alcohol. Divide the mass of the alcohol by 100 to get the density of your distillate in g/mL. You can compare this value against a table of values to estimate the purity of your alcohol. The density of pure ethanol around room temperature is 0.789 g/mL.If you want, you can run this liquid through another distillation to increase its purity. Keep in mind, some alcohol is lost during every distillation, so youll have a lower yield with the second distillation and even less final product if you do a third distillation. If you double or triple distill your alcohol, you can determine its density and estimate its purity using the same method outlined for the first disti llation. Notes About Alcohol Ethanol is sold in the pharmacy sections of stores as a disinfectant. It may be called ethyl alcohol, ethanol or ethyl rubbing alcohol. Another common type of alcohol used for rubbing alcohol is isopropyl alcohol or isopropanol. These alcohols have different properties (notably, isopropyl alcohol is toxic), so if it matters which one you need, be sure the desired alcohol is listed on the label. Hand sanitizer gels also often use ethanol and/or isopropanol. The label should list which type of alcohol is used under the active ingredients. Notes About Purity Distilling denatured alcohol will remove enough impurities for may lab applications. Further purification steps could include passing the alcohol over activated carbon. This would be especially helpful if the point of the distillation is to obtain drinkable ethanol. Be very careful distilling ethanol to drink using denatured alcohol as a source. If the denaturing agent was simply an additive intended to make the alcohol bitter, this purification might be fine, but if toxic substances were added to the alcohol, a lesser degree of contamination may remain in the distilled product. This is especially likely if the contaminant had a boiling point close to that of the ethanol. You can reduce contamination by discarding the first bit of ethanol that is collected and the last portion. It also helps to tightly control the temperature of the distillation. Just be aware: distilled alcohol is not suddenly pure! Even commercially produced ethanol still contains traces of other chemicals.

The Life of Aeschylus essays

The Life of Aeschylus essays Aeschylus was born in 525 B.C. in the city of Eleusis. He has been referred to as the Father of Tragedy. Early on in his life he was immersed in the rites of the city and in the worship of the mother and earth goddess Demeter. He was once sent to watch grapes ripen in the countryside. It was here that Aeschylus says Dionysus appeared to him in a dream and ordered him to write tragedies. He fought on behalf of Athens in the Persian wars, including the battle of Marathon and Salamis. His parents belonged to the old Attic nobility so that he was brought up as a broadminded conservative. He spent a large part of his mature life at the court of Hieron, tyrant of Syracuse, returning to Athens to supervise the production of his plays. He began to present plays in 490 B.C. in Sicily. When he started to write Greek plays were nothing more than a single actor portraying many characters usually with masks. It was a huge step for drama when Aeschylus introduced the second actor. This diminished the role of chorus and put more of an emphasis on dialogue. Aeschylus was an innovator in other ways as well. He made good use of stage settings and stage machinery, and some of his works were known for their spectacular scenic effects. He also designed costumes, trained his choruses in their songs and dances, and probably acted in most of his own plays, this being the usual practice of most Greek dramatists. Aeschylus wrote approximately 90 plays, only about 80 of these titles are known. Only seven tragedies have survived in their entirety. It is said that thirteen of his plays achieved first prize at the Greater Dionysia, which was the annual dramatic festival held in Athens. His first success was in 484 B.C. and he almost continuously won until his death. Aeschylus died in 456 B.C. at the age of seventy. Legend says that an while he was sitting outside one day an eagle flying overhead mistook his bald ...

Fly Dubai Airline Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Fly Dubai Airline - Essay Example Reference is made, as an example, to a specific company, the Fly Dubai airline. The above firm’s services are described and evaluated so that the concept of quality of services, as applied in modern firms, is fully understood. 1.2 Service firms, description and types The key objective of service firms is the provision of services of various types to the public. Different criteria have been used in the literature for describing service firms. According to Faulkner & Campbell (2006) service firms ‘are concerned with providing customers with an experience’ (Faulkner & Campbell 2006, p.504). Moreover, Jin (2005) notes that the service firms represent a high percentage, about 60%, of ‘the markets of developed countries’ (Jin 2005, p.37). ... The first category incorporates those firms providing services directly to the consumers, such as a hairdressing; the second category incorporates a high range of service firms, including firms offering legal, accounting or advertising services (Onkvisit & Shaw 2004, p.300). 2.0 Fly Dubai airline 2.1 Profile and business activities of the company Fly Dubai is a low cost airline based in Dubai (Fly Dubai 2012). The firm was established in 2008 (Fly Dubai 2012). The firm offers a wide range of destinations, including India, Kuwait, Syria, Egypt and Jordan (Fly Dubai 2012). Recently, the firm ordered 54 new aircrafts, which, along with the firm’s existing aircrafts, will help the firm’s fleet to significantly increased (Fly Dubai 2012). 2.2 Quality of service delivered by the company In Fly Dubai, the quality of services is among the organization’s objectives. Still, failures have not been avoided. According to a Customer Scoring published by SkyTrax in 2012, Fly Du bai is scored with 6.7 out of 10 in regard to the quality of its services (Figure 1, Appendix). Different reasons are used for justifying the above score: for example, one of the customers, the first in the list of customers participated in the relevant scoring, highlights the delay in departure as one of the firm’s major problems (Sky Trax 2012); himself, he faced a delay of 5hrs when decided to travel using Fly Dubai (Sky Trax 2012). Another customer, 5th in the list, notes that customer service in Fly Dubai is ‘non-existent’ (Sky Trax 2012). Again, the delay in departure, as resulted to the missing of the connection flight, is highlighted as the firm’s key problem (Sky Trax